Further data that SDs and ES have shockingly little to do with small groups.
I first found this when doing IPSC chronographing back in the early to middle 1980s.
I had started out using Unique for IPSC loads with 200 H&G 68 commercial cast. When I chronoed,
I was horrified to see 100 ot 125 fps extreme spreads on 10 shot strings! Yet, the groups were
very good. I tightened up the TC a good bit, and it helped, IIRC maybe 80-90 fps ES. Going up
to 230 RN comm cast improved it a lot, more like 50 ES or so. Clearly, Unique wasn't burning
really consistently with that light a bullet in .45 ACP.
But always the groups were good, no probs with accy. I switched to BE to get the ES way down,
since in IPSC it is common to pull rounds from you and call you to the test range and check
velocities to ensure reaching power factor. Major power factor was 180,000 minimum,
calculated with bullet weight in grains times average velocity for three shots of test ammo
in feet per second. Having a huge ES could nail you with only a three round test unless you
were running a pretty high average.
With low ES, you were able to run an average closer to the limit. Always looking for an edge
when matches could be won by a fraction of a second.
So, a 200 SWC at 900 fps was just making major 'back in the day'. Eventually Major Caliber was
lowered, I think today it is only 165,000. We loaded for about 925-950 average with powders
that had low ES, like BE and TG. .357 Mag loads could make major, too. A 158 at 1140 will make
it. Now a 200 SWC at 825 can make it. The 9mm and 40 cal boys whined until it was lowered.
Hard to make original Major with a .40 Short & Weak, essentially impossible with 9mm, although
a number of Browning HiPowers died in the attempts. I think it is still officially illegal to make Major
with a 9mm Para. So, the 9x21 and .38 Supers were born, could make the first reduction to 175,000
ressonably.
Today they are wimps.
But, one of the lessons was that accuracy and ES have little to do with each other. It does not seem
obvious but Mr. Target and Mr. Chrono have the REAL answers, all else is just theory.
Bill